br Materials and methods br

Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusion The as-designed system was based on the assembly of MSN-Cy and TPGS, which was dominated by π-π stacking interactions. By the strong mutual force, Cypate and TPGS formed a compact layer around the MSN core, which blocked the drug leakage in the circulation. In addition, the linking of the disulfide bond and the photothermal converting ability of Cypate endowed the system with redox and NIR light dual-responsive drug release properties. We also demonstrated that TCMSN was exocytosed through a lysosome-mediated pathway and that the induced moderate heat promoted lysosome disruption and particle escape. Despite the large amount of studies performed for PTT, based on MSN [38], [39], not much was known about the impact of moderate heat on cancer cells, including the subsequent intracellular fate of nanoparticles. We, for the first time, carried out the study in this aspect. The results revealed that moderate heat inhibited particle lysosome exocytosis via damaging the lysosome integrity, which had not been reported before. In the meantime, TPGS, as a P-gp inhibitor, blocked the drug efflux. Hence, the double inhibition of drug efflux and particle exocytosis in this system cocontributed to sustaining of drug action time, thus enhancing the anti-tumor activity. However, the pathways of particle endocytosis and exocytosis are closely related to the cell type. The endocytosis pathway also determines the particle distribution in the organelles, which influences exocytosis [40]. Thus, the influence of hyperthermia on the fate of TCMSN in other cell lines stills must be studied further.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO. 81473165 and 81603058), National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (NO. 2015CB932100) and the Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Preparation Design & Evaluation of Liaoning Provincial Education Department (NO. LZ2015068).
Introduction Release of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides by Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of synaptic vesicles (SVs) and dense-core vesicles (DCVs) is essential for neuronal communication, synaptic plasticity, and LY2835219 mg development. The prerequisites for SV and DCV exocytosis include the docking and priming steps that render vesicles competent for subsequent Ca2+-triggered fusion (Rettig and Neher, 2002, Südhof and Rizo, 2011). Priming of exocytosis is widely believed to involve partial assembly of the trans-soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex between syntaxin-1 (Syx1) and SNAP-25 (SN25) on the plasma membrane and synaptobrevin-2 (Syb2) on the vesicles via N- to C-terminal zippering, which brings the opposing membranes into close proximity (Jahn and Scheller, 2006). Upon Ca2+ influx, the Ca2+ sensor synaptotagmin-1 (Syt1) promotes assembly of the trans-SNARE complex into the membranes and eventually drives membrane fusion (Chapman, 2002, Zhou et al., 2015). The major priming factors for SV and DCV exocytosis consist of the Munc13 and Ca2+-dependent activator proteins for secretion (CAPS) proteins (Wojcik and Brose, 2007, Stevens and Rettig, 2009, James and Martin, 2013). Previous studies have indicated that Munc-13 is essential for SV exocytosis, whereas CAPS plays a central role in DCV exocytosis (Augustin et al., 1999, Speese et al., 2007, Liu et al., 2008, Varoqueaux et al., 2002, Grishanin et al., 2004). Increasing evidence has suggested that Munc13 and CAPS are both required for SV and DCV exocytosis in mammalian neurons and neuroendocrine cells (Jockusch et al., 2007, Imig et al., 2014, van de Bospoort et al., 2012, Rupnik et al., 2000, Ashery et al., 2000). Expression of Munc13 cannot reverse deficits in exocytosis of CAPS knockout (KO) neurons (Liu et al., 2010, Jockusch et al., 2007), and expression of CAPS fails to rescue release in Munc13 KO neurons (Jockusch et al., 2007, Kabachinski et al., 2014), suggesting the nonredundancy of Munc13 and CAPS in exocytosis. Moreover, experiments in C. elegans and mammalian cells found that expression of an “open” Syx1 mutant (called the “LE” [L165A-E166A] mutant) partially rescues SV and DCV exocytosis in cells deficient in Munc13 (Unc-13 in C. elegans) or CAPS (Unc-31 in C. elegans) (Zhou et al., 2007, Hammarlund et al., 2008, Liu et al., 2010, Richmond et al., 2001), suggesting that the actions of Munc13 and CAPS likely converge on the same route related to opening of Syx1 (Richmond et al., 2001, Jockusch et al., 2007, Zhou et al., 2007). Indeed, recent studies have revealed that Munc13 catalyzes opening of Syx1 to initiate SNARE assembly through the minimal activity domain of Munc13 (MUN) domain (Basu et al., 2005, Ma et al., 2011, Wang et al., 2017) and that CAPS facilitates SNARE complex formation in a manner dependent on interaction with individual SNAREs and/or the partially assembled SNARE complex (James et al., 2009, Daily et al., 2010, Khodthong et al., 2011). Altogether, these results suggest that the functional significance of Munc13 and CAPS in priming of exocytosis likely depends on their complementary and sequential actions in SNARE complex formation.