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  • A number of studies have reported that lncRNA may

    2022-01-12

    A number of studies have reported that lncRNA may function as sponge to interact with miRNAs at posttranscriptional level, thereby regulating miRNA targeted genes (Tang et al., 2015, Han et al., 2015). For example, lncRNA Malat1 induces autophagy by regulating ULK2 via sponging miR-26b (Li et al., 2017). Our study revealed that SNHG1 might regulate miR-338 to regulate the target gene HIF-1α. This is not surprising since all RNA transcripts containing miRNA-binding sites may interact and regulate each other’s expression levels, acting as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) (Thomson and Dinger, 2016). In classic ceRNA modes, lncRNA and miRNA negatively regulated expression of each other: for example, SNHG1 competitively binds to miR-145 and negatively regulate the expression of each other in breast cancer (Qi et al., 2017); SNHG1 and miR-577 mutually repress the expression of each other in osteosarcoma [33. However, in our study SNHG1 unilaterally sponged miR-338 while miR-338 did not affect the expression of SNHG1. On the other hands, since SNHG1 has many putative miRNA targets, it may exert protective effects by modulating other miRNAs besides miR-338. For example, SNHG1 acts as a ceRNA of miR-199a which attenuates OGD/R induced injury in cardiomyocytes (Li et al., 2017). In multiple cancer models, miR-338 suppresses tumor progression by enhancing apoptosis-associated pathways (Kos et al., 2012). Xu et al. reported that miR-338 inhibit hepatocarcinoma egfr inhibitors receptor by suppressing HIF-1α/VEGF which exert neuroprotective effects by inhibition apoptosis, stimulation of neurogenesis and antioxidants activation (Xu et al., 2014) It’s interesting that the miR-338 inhibitor increases cell viability in the non-OGD cells. We thought that this effect may be attributed to multiple targets effect of miR-338-3p beside HIF-1α, which is only induced in hypoxia condition. MiR-338-3p was reported as a tumor suppressor in many cancer types to induce apoptosis via targeting survival related genes, such as CDK4 and survivin (Park et al., 2017, Duan et al., 2017). It was possible that inhibition of miR-338-3p in basal condition could also promote proliferation via upregulation of these survival genes. Another interesting result we noticed is that the regulative effects in OGD and non-OGD condition of both SNHG1 and miR-338 were distinctive, which indicated us SNHG1 and miR-338 may play different roles in physiological and pathological condition. Moreover, OGD may regulate the expression of lncRNAs and miRNAs in multiple ways. For example, HIF-1α was reported to induce the expression of LncRNA-BX111 (Duan et al., 2017). Under OGD conditions, HIF-1α may upregulate SNHG1 by a positive feedback loop. Further investigation should be applied to elucidate this issue. Our study also implicated that VEGF-A was involved in the beneficial role of SNHG1 in OGD-treated BMECs. This is not surprising since VEGF has long been known as an angiogenic protein and promotes cell survival in focal cerebral ischemia (Sun et al., 2003). However, VEGF may also play a harmful role in ischemia. Excessive VEGF exacerbates ischemia damage by increasing BBB leakage and evoking inflammatory pathway (Shim and Madsen, 2018). Besides, Zhang et al. reported that late administration (48 h) of VEGF enhanced angiogenesis and significantly improved neurological recovery while early post-ischemic (1 h) administration of significantly increased BBB leakage, hemorrhagic transformation, and ischemic lesions (Zhang et al., 2000). These findings indicate a cell-type and context-dependent role of VEGF in ischemia stroke.
    Materials and methods
    Conflict of interest
    Acknowledgements