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  • Young et al described the role

    2022-06-29

    Young et al. [40] described the role of adenine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the translocation of GLUT4 in the heart. The AMPK is activated during muscle contraction [74] by converting AMP to ATP. The adenosine analog, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), is a cardioprotective agent. It increases the glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation in left ventricular papillary muscles of the rat [75]. Researchers have found that intracoronary infusion of AICAR also stimulates GLUT1 translocation to the sarcolemma. It was found that AMPK acts independently from the insulin-signaling pathway [75].
    Cardiac glucose transporters in diseases
    Conclusion
    Funding
    Introduction Increased variation in body weight among litter mates in commercial pig herds due to the use of high-prolific sows, resulting in increased number of small and immature piglets at birth, remains a major economic and welfare concern (Quiniou et al., 2002, Vasdal and Andersen, 2012). Increased numbers of low birthweight (LBW) piglets can lead to a high pre-weaning mortality (Le Dividich et al., 2005) due to their increased vulnerability compared with normal birthweight (NBW) litter mates, particularly within the first week of life (Yang et al., 2012). Recently, efforts have focused to improve the LBW piglet’s survival and growth rate with different strategies implemented during the first 12h after birth (Declerck et al., 2016, Muns et al., 2017). Our earlier studies (Wiyaporn et al., 2013), showed that LBW piglets were not different from their NBW litter mates in certain critical aspects: both groups had comparable average daily weight gain during seven days of life and showed similar weights of many organs at day 0 and day 7 postpartum when normalized to their body weight. Additionally, the differences observed in morphology and structure of the small intestine between the LBW and NBW piglets indicated that the LBW piglets have the potential for compensation in growth via optimization of digestion and RF 9 of dietary nutrients. These results are in agreement with those reported by Huygelen et al., 2014, Huygelen et al., 2015. During the first week of postnatal life, increased uptake of monosaccharides and amino acids occurs in parallel to increased growth and development of the small intestine in piglets. Glucose and amino acids play a key role in enterocytes proliferation (Wu et al., 1995) and intestinal adaptation (Darcy-Vrillon et al., 1994). The intestinal expression of sodium-dependent glucose transporter1 (SGLT1), facilitative glucose transporter2 (GLUT2), L-type amino acid transporter2 (LAT2), cationic and neutral amino acid transporter (b0,+AT) and peptide transporter1 (PepT1) play a critical role in the absorption of glucose and amino acids/peptides passthrough the enterocytes (Rajan et al., 2000, Ganapathy et al., 2001, Daniel, 2004, Scheepers et al., 2004). Briefly, SGLT1 mediates intestinal absorption of glucose across the brush-border membrane and GLUT2 mediates the release of glucose from the enterocytes into portal blood across the basolateral membrane. LAT2 is the major amino acid transporter for amino acid release from enterocytes into the portal blood. PepT1 and b0,+AT are in the brush-border membrane, the former mediating peptide absorption and the latter in amino acid absorption. Changes in the expression of these transporters in the small intestine will affect the circulating levels of glucose and amino acids, and hence their availability to visceral organs (Xu et al., 2000, Ferraris, 2001), thereby influencing the nutrition and the growth of piglets. To date, there is little information in the literature on the expression of major nutrient transporters in the small intestine with regard to birthweight and age in piglets.
    Materials and methods
    Results
    Discussion Birthweight plays a vital role in piglets’ prenatal and pre-weaning mortality and is a key factor influencing their future growth and performance (Muns et al., 2013, Muns et al., 2014). To overcome the limitations imposed by LBW, we need to increase our understanding of the biochemical and physiological adaptive capability of LBW piglets. The average daily weight gain was similar in LBW piglets and their NBW litter mates during the first week of birth (Wiyaporn et al., 2013). Here we found that various hematologic indices in LBW piglets were within the normal range and not different from the NBW litter mates. The hematologic values were however found to changes with age as reported by Thorn (2010).